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SECTION ONE: Introduction

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SECTION TWO. Understanding AMDR: The Knowledge Base

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Weintrob, A. C., M. P. Roediger, M. Barber, et al. 2010. Natural history of colonization with gram-negative multidrug-resistant organisms among hospitalized patients. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 31:330–7.

Wensing, A. M., D. A. van de Vijver, G. Angarano, et al. 2005. Prevalence of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants in untreated individuals in Europe: implications for clinical management. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 192:958–66.

Whitby, M., M. L. McLaws, and G. Berry. 2001. Risk of death from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a meta-analysis. The Medical Journal of Australia 175:264–7.

White, A. S., R. D. Godard, C. Belling, V. Kasza, and R. L. Beach. 2010. Beverages obtained from fountain machines in the U.S. contain microorganisms, including coliform bacteria. International Journal of Food Microbiology 137:61–6.

Williams, G., and J. C. Craig. 2011. Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews March 16:CD001534.         

Wondemagegnehu, E., and Essential Drugs and Other Medicines. 1999. Counterfeit and Substandard Drugs in Myanmar and Viet Nam: Report of a Sudy Carried out in Cooperation With the Governments of Myanmar and Viet Nam. World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s2276e/s2276e.pdf.

World Health Organization. 2011. Global Alert and Response (GAR). http://www.who.int/csr/en.

World Health Organization, UNAIDS. 2010. AIDS epidemic. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and World Health Organization. http://data.unaids.org/pub.

Wright, A., and M. Zignol. 2008. Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World: Fourth Global Report. World Health Organization. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2008/WHO_HTM_TB_2008.394_eng.pdf.

Xiong, Y. Q., V. G. Fowler, M. R. Yeaman, F. Perdreau-Remington, B. N. Kreiswirth, and A. S. Bayer. 2009. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in vitro and in an experimental endocarditis model. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 199:201–8.

SECTION THREE: Control and Prevention of AMDR Best Practices

Arnold, S. R., and S. E. Straus. 2005. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews October 19:CD003539.

Behta, M., B. Ross, and R. Chaudhry. 2008. A comprehensive decision support system for the identification, monitoring and management of patients with multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO). AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings 6:1218.

Boucher, H. W., G. H. Talbot, J. S. Bradley, et al. 2009. Bad bugs, no drugs: No ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases 48:1–12.

Cassell, G. H., and J. Mekalanos. 2001. Development of antimicrobial agents in the era of new and reemerging infectious diseases and increasing antibiotic resistance. Journal of the American Medical Association 285:601–5.

Conly, J. 2002. Antimicrobial resistance in Canada. Canadian Medical Association Journal 167:885­–91.

Cooper, B. S., S. P. Stone, C. C. Kibbler, et al. 2004. Isolation measures in the hospital management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): systematic review of the literature. BMJ 329:533.

Dellit, T. H., R. C. Owens, J. C. McGowan Jr, et al. 2007. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Clinical Infectious Diseases 44:159–77.

de Martel, C., and S. Franceschi. 2009. Infections and cancer: established associations and new hypotheses. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 70:183–94.

Fishman, N. 2006. Antimicrobial stewardship. The American Journal of Medicine 119(6 suppl 1):S53–61, discussion S62–70.

Garrett, L. 2001. The return of infectious disease. In Plagues and Politics, ed. A. T. Smith-Price, 183–194. New York: Palgrave Publishers Ltd.

Goldmann, D. 2006. System failure versus personal accountability--the case for clean hands. The New England Journal of Medicine 355:121–3.

Gonzales, R., K. K. Corbett, S. Wong, et al. 2008. “Get Smart Colorado”: impact of a mass media campaign to improve community antibiotic use. Medical Care 60:597–605.

Guidos, R.J. 2011. Combating antimicrobial resistance: policy recommendations to save lives. Clinical Infectious Diseases 52(suppl 5):S397–428.

Harris, S. R., E. J. Feil, M. T.  Holden, et al. 2010. Evolution of MRSA during hospital transmission and intercontinental spread. Science 327:469–74.

Harrison, P.F., and J. Lederberg, eds. 1998. Antimicrobial Resistance: Issues and Options. Workshop Report. Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. http://www.iom.edu/Reports/1998/Antimicrobial-Resistance-Issues-and-Options.aspx.

Hemo B., N. H. Shamir-Shtein, B. G. Silverman, et al. 2009. Can nationwide media campaign affect antibiotic use? The American Journal of Managed Care 15:529–34.

Institute of Medicine. 2002. Linking infectious agents and chronic diseases: defining the relationship, enhancing the research, and mitigating the effects. Forum on microbial threats. http://www.iom.edu/Activities/PublicHealth/MicrobialThreats/2002-OCT-21.aspx.

Jarvis, W. R. 1994. Handwashing--the Semmelweis lesson forgotten? Lancet 344:1311–2.

Knowles, S. M. 2010. Intellectual property. Fixing the legal framework for pharmaceutical research. Science 327:1083–4.

Lateef, A. 2004. The microbiology of pharmaceutical effluent and its public health implications. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 20:167–71.

Liu, C., A. Bayer, S. E. Cosgrove, et al. 2011. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary. Clinical Infectious Diseases 52:285–92.

Livermore, D. M. 2003. Bacterial resistance: origins, epidemiology, and impact. Clinical Infectious Diseases 36(suppl 1):S11–23.

Michels, H. T., J. O. Noyce, and C. W. Keevil. 2009. Effects of temperature and humidity on the efficacy of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus challenged antimicrobial materials containing silver and copper. Letters in Applied Microbiology 49:191–5.

Monnet D. L., and K. G. Kristinsson. 2008. Turning the tide of antimicrobial resistance: Europe shows the way. Eurosurveillance 13:19039.

Naber, C. K. 2009. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management strategies. Clinical Infectious Diseases 48(suppl 4): S231–7.

Naddeo, V., S. Meriç, D. Kassinos, V. Belgiorno, and M. Guida. 2009. Fate of pharmaceuticals in contaminated urban wastewater effluent under ultrasonic irradiation. Water Research 43:4019–27.

Paskovaty, A., J. M. Pflomm, N. Myke, and S. K. Seo. 2005. A multidisciplinary approach to antimicrobial stewardship: evolution into the 21st century. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 25:1–10.

Podolsky, S. H. 2005. The changing fate of pneumonia as a public health concern in 20th-century America and beyond. American Journal of Public Health 95:2144–54.

Pope, S. D., T. H. Dellit, R. C. Owens, T. M. Hooton, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. 2009. Results of survey on implementation of Infectious Diseases Society of America and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 30:97–8.

Philipson, T., and R. A. Posner. Private Choices and Public Health: The AIDS Epidemic in an Economic Perspective. Cambridge: Havard University Press, 1993.

Phillips, M., and P. A. Phillips-Howard. 1996. Economic implications of resistance to antimalarial drugs. Pharmacoeconomics 10:225–38.

Rybak, M., B. Lomaestro, J. C. Rotschafer, et al. 2009. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin in adult patients: a consensus review of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 66:82–98.

Schlaes, D. M., D. N. Gerding, J. F. John Jr, et al. 1997. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of America Joint Committee on the Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance: guidelines for the prevention of antimicrobial resistance in hospitals. Clinical Infectious Diseases 25:584–99.

Siegel J. D., E. Rhinehart, M. Jackson, L. Chiarello, and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. 2006. Management of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Healthcare Settings, 2006. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Small, P. M., and P. I. Fujiwara. 2001. Management of tuberculosis in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine 345:189–200.

Smith, P. W., G. Bennett , S. Bradley, et al. 2008. SHEA/APIC guideline: infection prevention and control in the long-term care facility. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 29:785–814.

Smith, R. D., and J. Coast. 2002. Antimicrobial resistance: a global response. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 80:126–33.

Spellberg, B., J. H. Powers, E. P. Brass, et al. 2004. Trends in antibiotic drug development: implications for the future. Clinical Infectious Diseases 38:1279–86.

Tasina, E., A. B. Haidich, S. Kokkali, and M. Arvanitidou. 2011. Efficacy and safety of tigecycline for the treatment of infectious diseases: a meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases July 22 [epub ahead of print].

Tenover, F. C. 2006. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. The American Journal of Medicine 119(6 suppl 1):S3–10, discussion S62–70.

US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1995. Impacts of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. U.S. Congress (OTA-H-629). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

Weber S. G., S. S. Huang, S. Oriola,et al. 2007. Legislative mandates for use of active surveillance cultures to screen for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci: position statement from the Joint SHEA and APIC Task Force. SHEA/APIC position statement.

Weiss K., R. Blais, A. Fortin, S. Lantin, and M. Gaudet. 2011. Impact of a multipronged education strategy on antibiotic prescribing in Quebec, Canada. Clinical Infectious Diseases In press.

World Health Organization. 2005. Containing Antimicrobial Resistance. WHO Policy and Perspectives on Medicines. http://www.who.int/management/anmicrobialresistance.pdf.

Yahav, D., A. Lador, M. Paul, and L. Leibovici. 2011. Efficacy and safety of tigecycline: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 66:1963–71.

Yeung, W. C., W. D. Rawlinson, and M. E. Craig. 2011. Enterovirus infection and type 1 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational molecular studies. BMJ  342:d35.

SECTION FOUR: Conclusions

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010. Facts about antibiotic resistance. http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/antibiotic-use/fast-facts.html.

Howard, D. H., R. D. Scott 2nd, R. Packard, and D. Jones. 2003. The global impact of drug resistance. Clinical Infectious Diseases 36(suppl 1):S4–10.

Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. 2001. A Public Health Action Plan to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance. Part I: Domestic Issues. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/actionplan/aractionplan.pdf.

Pagani, L., I. C. Gyssens, B. Huttner, D. Nathwani, and S. Harbarth. 2009. Navigating the web in search of resources on antimicrobial stewardship in health care institutions. Clinical Infectious Diseases 48:626–32.

Smith, R.D., and J. Coast. 2002. Antimicrobial resistance: a global response. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 80:126–33.

Teuber M. 1999. Spread of antibiotic resistance with food-borne pathogens. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 56:755–63.

World Health Organization. 2005. Containing Antimicrobial Resistance. WHO Policy and Perspectives on Medicines. http://www.who.int/management/anmicrobialresistance.pdf.